[148] The King and his party, at least 200 strong and including men-at-arms, positioned themselves outside St Bartholomew's Priory to the east of Smithfield, and the thousands of rebels massed along the western end. [209] A summons was put out for soldiers, probably around 4,000 men were mustered in London, and expeditions to the other troubled parts of the country soon followed. Tyler was treacherously cut down in Richard’s presence by the enraged mayor of London. [141] She arrested Sudbury and dragged him to the chopping block, ordering that he be beheaded as well as ordering the death of the treasurer, Robert Hales. It was once seen as a defining moment in English history, but modern academics are less certain of its impact on subsequent social and economic history. Inspired by the sermons of the radical cleric John Ball and led by Wat Tyler, a contingent of Kentish rebels advanced on London. [214] The two forces met at the Battle of North Walsham on 25 or 26 June; the Bishop's forces triumphed and Litster was captured and executed. The king, with great presence of mind, appealed to the rebels as their sovereign and, after promising reforms, persuaded them to disperse. The term "the Great Society" emerges from indictments against the rebels, in which references were made the, "Away with the learning of clerks, away with it! [35] The Commons were supportive of the young King, but had concerns about the amounts of money being sought and the way this was being spent by the King's counsellors, whom they suspected of corruption. It has been speculated that her name does not appear in the work of contemporary chroniclers as they may have felt that a female leader would be perceived as trivialising the revolt. [18], The discontent began to give way to open protest. His attempts to collect unpaid poll taxes in Brentwood ended in a violent confrontation, which rapidly spread across the south-east of the country. [243] In September 1382 there was trouble in Norfolk, involving an apparent plot against the Bishop of Norwich, and in March the following year there was an investigation into a plot to kill the sheriff of Devon. [158] Wrawe had considerable influence over the development of the revolt across eastern England, where there may have been almost as many rebels as in the London revolt. [49] Londoners detested John of Gaunt because he was a supporter of the religious reformer John Wycliffe, whom the London public regarded as a heretic. [285] The Peasants' Revolt has received more academic attention than any other medieval revolt, and this research has been interdisciplinary, involving historians, literary scholars and international collaboration. [9] Labourers could charge more for their work and, in the consequent competition for labour, wages were driven sharply upwards. [36] A second poll tax was approved, this time with a sliding scale of taxes against seven different classes of English society, with the upper classes paying more in absolute terms. Our latest podcast episode features popular TED speaker Mara Mintzer. [178] A revolt backed by the Mayor of Cambridge broke out with the university as its main target. [149][nb 12], Richard probably called Tyler forwards from the crowd to meet him, and Tyler greeted the King with what the royal party considered excessive familiarity, terming Richard his "brother" and promising him his friendship. [44], The decades running up to 1381 were a rebellious, troubled period. [291] Chaucer otherwise made no reference to the revolt in his work, possibly because as he was a client of the King it would have been politically unwise to discuss it. [222] Richard rejected them, allegedly telling them that "rustics you were and rustics you are still. [89] Tyler then persuaded a few thousand of the rebels to leave Canterbury and advance with him on London the next morning. [124] The King left the castle that morning and made his way to negotiate with the rebels at Mile End in east London, taking only a very small bodyguard with him. [75] On 4 June, the rebels gathered at Bocking, where their future plans seem to have been discussed. [58], Concerns were raised about these changes in society. These were probably over-estimates, and historian Alastair Dunn assesses that only a skeleton force was present; Jonathan Sumption judges that around 150 men-at-arms were present, and some archers. [238] The Commons stood behind the existing labour laws, but requested changes in the royal council, which Richard granted. [300] Later 20th century socialists continued to draw parallels between the revolt and contemporary political struggles, including during the arguments over the introduction of the Community Charge in the United Kingdom during the 1980s. [229] A rebel leader by the name of Jack Straw was captured in London and executed. The rebels sought a reduction in taxation, an end to the system of unfree labour known as serfdom, and the removal of the King's senior officials and law courts. But have you ever wondered why revolting has two such distinct meanings which let us make the joke in the first place?. [71] He based himself in Brentwood and summoned representatives from the neighbouring villages of Corringham, Fobbing and Stanford-le-Hope to explain and make good the shortfalls on 1 June. [25] By the 1370s, England's armies on the continent were under huge military and financial pressure; the garrisons in Calais and Brest alone, for example, were costing £36,000 a year to maintain, while military expeditions could consume £50,000 in only six months. The rebel call for a return to the "law of Winchester" has been much debated. As noted above, questions exist over Jack Straw's identity. [133][nb 11] The gates were open to receive Richard on his return and a crowd of around 400 rebels entered the fortress, encountering no resistance, possibly because the guards were terrified by them. [128] It is unclear precisely what was meant by the law of Winchester, but it probably referred to the rebel ideal of self-regulating village communities. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. [110] By now the Kent and Essex rebels had been joined by many rebellious Londoners. [93], At the end of the 19th century there was a surge in historical interest in the Peasants' Revolt, spurred by the contemporary growth of the labour and socialist movements. [68] An uprising occurred in York, during which John de Gisborne, the city's mayor, was removed from office, and fresh tax riots followed in early 1381. The Peasants Are Revolting! [132], While Richard was at Mile End, the Tower was taken by the rebels. [258] They also came from a broad range of local communities, including at least 330 south-eastern villages. [63] By the 1370s, there were fears that if the French invaded England, the rural classes might side with the invaders. [33] The war continued to go badly and, despite raising some money through forced loans, the Crown returned to Parliament in 1379 to request further funds. “The peasants are revolting.” “Revolting,” said the king, “they’re disgusting.” The comedian Allan Sherman included a different joke based on the same wordplay in a 1963 song about King Louis XVI of France called “You Went the Wrong Way Old King Louie”: 5 [298] The Romantic poet Robert Southey based his 1794 play Wat Tyler on the events, taking a radical and pro-rebel perspective. [98] The rebels rejected proposals from the Bishop of Rochester that they should return home, and instead prepared to march on. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Peasants’ Revolt, also called Wat Tyler’s Rebellion, (1381), first great popular rebellion in English history.Its immediate cause was the imposition of the unpopular poll tax of 1381, which brought to a head the economic discontent that had been growing since the middle of the century.
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