In this section heat exchangers are classified mainly by their construction, Garland (1990), (see Figure 5). In its most complex form there is little difference between a multi tube double pipe and a shell and tube exchanger. transferred. A corrosion-resistant material must retain elasticity when dealing with high temperatures and pressure, and continuous contractions and expansions. They tend to be used in the pulp and paper industry where larger flow passages are required. opposite ends, flow in opposite directions, and leave at opposite arrangement and type of construction. from fluid to the inner wall of the tube, Conductive heat We examined this problem before in Figure 18.9(a), the fluid is said to be Steam injection is used for heating fluids in tanks or in pipelines. They are mainly used with viscous, heavily fouling fluids or fluids containing particles or fibres. . The fluids can be single or two phase and, depending on the exchanger type, may be separated or in direct contact. The tubes are normally mounted in some form of duct and the plates act as supports and provide extra surface area in the form of fins. (See for example Figure 4.). Thermodynamics and Heat Exchanger Efficiency The science of thermodynamics is universally concerned with the relationship between heat and temperature, and energy and work. The two The fins can be arranged so as to allow any combination of crossflow or parallel flow between adjacent plates. The shell and tube exchanger consists of four major parts: Front end–this is where the fluid enters the tubeside of the exchanger. The fluids can be single or two phase and can flow in a parallel or a cross/counter flow arrangement. The real performance of heat exchangers, however, can be optimized to achieve maximum efficiency by optimizing copious amounts of data for every application. 5 Heat Exchangers The general function of a heat exchanger is to transfer heat from one fluid to another. Regenerators are mainly used in gas/gas heat recovery applications in power stations and other energy intensive industries. Direct heating is mainly used in dryers where a wet solid is dried by passing it through a hot air stream. ), the heat flow from the pipe wall in a As a result, forethought regarding future expansions and upgrades must be given when installing heat exchangers. Two fluids can exchange heat, one fluid flows over the outside of the tubes while the second fluid flows through the tubes. Convective heat transfer from the per unit length as. Alternatively, the fluids may be in cross flow (perpendicular to A good overview of regenerators is provided by Walker (1982). The tubes can have various type of fins in order to provide additional surface area on the air side. Plate heat exchangers separate the fluids exchanging heat by the means of plates. Hot and cold gas flows simultaneously through ducting on either side of the gas seals and through the rotating packing. Though perfect performance is calculable, it is unfeasible in the real world, because of the thermodynamic limitation that states nothing can be 100% efficient. Convective heat transfer we look at the problem of heat transfer from a fluid inside a tube This is the Tubular Exchanger Manufactures Association (TEMA) Standard. These units are used in the food and pharmaceutical industry in process where deposits form on the heated walls of the jacketed vessel. Spiral plate exchangers are formed by winding two flat parallel plates together to form a coil. The complexities of heat exchanger R&D and continuous new technologies make it an esoteric field and, as a result, it’s essential to contact an expert in the field, like Fluid Dynamics, to reap the benefits of choosing the right heat exchanger. In a rotary regenerator cylindrical shaped packing rotates about the axis of a cylinder between a pair of gas seals. However, because of their high surface area to volume ratio, low inventory of fluids and their ability to handle more than two steams, they are also starting to be used in the chemical industry. Though thermodynamics is by no means simple enough to explain in brief terms, one of its main tenets essentially states that 100% efficiency is unattainable in the real world. Examples of these are tubular exchangers, see Figure 6, and plate exchangers, see Figure 7. The objective is to find the mean temperature of the fluid at
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